How it works
Profit equals final value plus distributions minus costs and initial capital. Total return is profit divided by initial capital. Equivalent annualisation assumes one initial investment and all other flows at the end; it is not an internal rate of return. Taxes and inflation are excluded. Negative net proceeds have no calculated annualised rate.
Illustrative example
€1,000 initial capital, €1,150 final value, €20 distributions and €10 costs gives €160 profit and a 16% total return.